Which factor may negatively affect students' motivation?

Confused expectations about classroom goals can significantly hinder students' motivation. When students are unclear about what is expected of them, they often feel lost or unsure of how to proceed. This lack of clarity can lead to frustration and disengagement, as students may not see a direct connection between their efforts and the outcomes they desire.

Clear classroom goals, encouragement from peers, and defined grading systems all contribute positively to motivation by providing structure, support, and a clear framework for achievement. In contrast, confusion surrounding these expectations can create an environment where students feel uncertain about their progress and less inclined to engage fully in the learning process. Therefore, when expectations are unclear, students may struggle to find motivation to participate or strive for success, ultimately affecting their learning experience.